GBR is being used to isolate the site being regenerated from the overlying tissues by means of a titanium-reinforced membrane barrier (arrowheads). The newly forming bone may be augmented by the addition of particulate grafting material. The barrier is securely attached to the margins of the defect to prevent displacement during healing. Notice that decortication of the underlying bone bed allows invasion of the site by osteogenic precursor cells from the blood stream and surrounding bone.