Medvisionover 5 years ago
Hallux valgus - most common forefoot deformity
Hallux valgus refers to the deformity in which the big toe passes transversely behind the second toe and there is abnormal prominence of head of first metatarsal bone on the medial side of the foot just behind the big toe. The exposed and prominent head of first metatarsal tends to rub on the shoe ,giving raise to an adventitious Bursa called bunion. The patient experience pain and fatigue during routine 🚶 walking. Causes are arthritis, wearing tight shoes.
over 5 years ago
In initial phase brace can be used to limit the movement of joint. For complete correction surgery should be done.
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over 5 years ago
In the beginning you can try physiotherapy and corrective pads for shoes.
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Identify the MuscleLong BonesFlat BonesStomachFoot X-ray AnatomyAnatomy of liverAbdominal aortic aneurysmImage of trachea blocked by chewing gum### Anatomy of the Heart: Summary
The heart is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products. It is located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs, and is roughly the size of a fist.
#### 1. **Structure:**
- **Chambers:** The heart has four chambers:
- **Right Atrium:** Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cavae.
- **Right Ventricle:** Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries.
- **Left Atrium:** Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.
- **Left Ventricle:** Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through the aorta.
- **Valves:** The heart contains four main valves that ensure unidirectional blood flow:
- **Tricuspid Valve:** Located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
- **Pulmonary Valve:** Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries.
- **Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve:** Located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
- **Aortic Valve:** Located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
#### 2. **Wall Layers:**
- **Epicardium:** The outer layer, also known as the visceral pericardium.
- **Myocardium:** The thick, muscular middle layer responsible for contraction.
- **Endocardium:** The inner layer that lines the chambers and valves.
#### 3. **Blood Supply:**
- The heart receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries, which branch off the aorta. The **right coronary artery** supplies the right side of the heart, while the **left coronary artery** branches into the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries, supplying the left side.
#### 4. **Electrical System:**
- The heart's rhythmic contractions are controlled by its electrical conduction system, which includes:
- **Sinoatrial (SA) Node:** The natural pacemaker located in the right atrium.
- **Atrioventricular (AV) Node:** Receives impulses from the SA node and transmits them to the ventricles.
- **Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers:** Distribute the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles, leading to contraction.
#### 5. **Function:**
- The heart functions in two primary circulatory loops:
- **Pulmonary Circulation:** Moves deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
- **Systemic Circulation:** Distributes oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the rest of the body.
The anatomy of the heart is crucial for its role in maintaining effective circulation and overall cardiovascular health. Understanding its structure helps in diagnosing and treating various heart conditions.Fuction of ears: Your ears have two main functions: hearing and balance.
Hearing: When sound waves enter your ear canal, your tympanic membrane (eardrum) vibrates. This vibration passes on to three tiny bones (ossicles) in your middle ear. The ossicles amplify and transmit these sound waves to your inner ear. Once the sound waves reach your inner ear, tiny hair cells called stereocilia transform the vibrations into electrical energy and send it along nerve fibers to your brain.
Balance: Your inner ear contains semicircular canals filled with fluid and hair-like sensors. When you move your head, the fluid inside these loop-shaped canals sloshes around and moves the hairs. The hairs transmit this information along the vestibular nerve to your brain. Finally, your brain sends signals to your muscles to help you stay balanced.