Yaa..effect of the pre load and after load on the cardiac output...pre load increases the initial length of the cardiac muscle fibers so it increases thr force of contraction according to starling 's law..pre load , here is the ventricular filling ..
Yeah... Can we say this aortic valve stenosis , increase afterload, reducing cardiac output, in turn reducing venous return and preload
Obstructive shock :- here cardiac output is decreased because of obstruction to the ejection of blood from the ventricle.
Yes , y not. It was oxgeneted blood , and deoxygenated blood process going on in heart 💓