No one knows what causes atopic dermatitis; however, researchers know that changes in the protective layer of the skin can cause it to lose moisture. This can cause the skin to become dry, leading to damage and inflammation in the skin. New research suggests that inflammation directly triggers sensations of itch which in turn cause the patient to scratch. This leads to further damage of the skin as well as increased risk for infection with bacteria. Researchers do know that the following may contribute to the changes in the skin barrier, which helps control moisture: Changes (mutations) in genes. Problems with the immune system. Exposure to certain things in the environment.