A lung transplant, during which lungs are partially or totally replaced by lungs from a donor (living or deceased), is the accepted modality of treatment for advanced stage lung disease. There are many end-stage pulmonary diseases that necessitates lung transplantation, either partially or totally. The indications for transplantation can be broadly separated into the main categories of obstructive, septic, fibrotic, and vascular lung diseases. Of these categories, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, and primary pulmonary arterial hypertension make up the most common indication in each category, respectively. Lung transplantation for pulmonary malignancy has also been shown to be effective. Transplantations aren't extremely common simply due to the small number of donor organs available, making the waiting list longer and longer. During a double-lung transplant, patient is hooked up to a heart-lung machine. Surgery starts from an incision made under the patient's armpit, around to the sternum, and then back towards the other armpit (clamshell incision). In the case of a sequential transplant the recipients lung with the poorest lung functions is collapsed, the blood vessels tied off, and cut at the corresponding bronchi. The new lung is then placed and the blood vessels reattached. To make sure the lung is satisfactory before transplanting the other, a bronchoscopy is performed.
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