Glioblastoma Multiforme!
Glioblastoma multiforme is a grade IV astrocytoma; they are therefore generally aggressive, largely resistant to therapy, and have a corresponding poor prognosis. It represents the most common and malignant among glial tumors. These tumors are distinguished from anaplastic asteocytomas by the presence of endothelial proliferation of necrosis. Gross specimens typically show discoloration and cystic changes that result from hemorrhage and necrosis. Glioblastomas are typically poorly-marginated, diffusely infiltrating necrotic masses localised to the cerebral hemispheres. The supratentorial white matter is the most common location. These tumors may be firm or gelatinous. Considerable regional variation in appearance is characteristic. Some areas are firm and white, some are soft and yellow (secondary to necrosis), and still other are cystic with local hemorrhage. They have a significant variability in size from only a few centimeters to lesions that replace a hemisphere. Infiltration beyond the visible tumor margin is always present. The cause of most cases is unclear and symptoms vary among patients and usually includes headaches, nausea, vomiting, stroke-like symptoms, slow progressive neurologic deficit (motor weakness), seizures, and papilledema, many of which are indicative of increased intracranial pressure, most likely due to a space-occupying brain lesion. Furthermore No current treatment is curative. Biopsy and tumor debulking with postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy (temozolomide) are the most commonly carried out treatment. Newer therapies include antiangiogenesis (e.g. bevacizumab) and immunotherapy.
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