Extensive ulcerative colitis
A characteristic gross appearance of an extensive ulcerative colitis case, many pseudo-polyps to count!! Hundreds of pseudopolyps can be seen clearly as raised red islands of inflamed mucosa. Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory and ulcerative disease that arises from the bowel mucosa and is characterized by bloody diarrhea, pain, and fever. Unlike Crohn’s disease which is characteristically a transmural disease, ulcerative colitis is usually limited to the mucosa and submucosa. It typically remains localized to the rectum or extends upwards to involve other parts, sometimes the entire colon, as one continuous inflammatory lesion. The inflammation affects the mucosa and submucosa, and there is a sharp border between normal and affected tissue, as seen above. The ileocecal valve is seen at the lower left and just above this valve in the cecum is the beginning of the mucosal inflammation with erythema and granularity. As the disease progresses, the mucosal erosions coalesce to linear ulcers that undermine remaining mucosa. Diagnosis is made by sigmoidoscopy with biopsy. Usually, the disease is chronic with repeated exacerbations and remissions and increased risk of colon cancer proportional to the duration of the disease and amount of colon affected. Total colectomy is curative of both the intestinal symptoms and of the potential risk of colorectal carcinoma.
Hemodynamic stimuli&nonhemodynamic stimuliEffects of sugar on teeth
