Cryptorchidism refers to undescended testes. It may be unilateral or bilateral. Following are the complications of cryptorchidism: - infertility - indirect hernia - increased risk of malignancy; most common is seminoma - testicular torsion - trauma Reference: Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery Image via: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322928707_Persistent_Mullerian_Duct_Syndrome_A_rare_clinical_entity/figures?lo=1&utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic