AORTIC STENOSIS Murmur: Ejection systolic murmur highest in aortic area and murmur is seen radiating to carotids and apex Symptoms: Angina, breathlessness, syncope Signs: Small-volume pulse, low pulse pressure PULMONARY STENOSIS Murmur: Ejection systolic murmur loudest at upper-left sternum and radiates to left shoulder area Signs: wide splitting of 2nd heart sound, thrill felt when patient leans forward. MITRAL REGURGITATION Murmur: Pansystolic murmur felt on apex Symptoms: Usually asymptomatic but in rare cases chest pain, syncope, postural hypertension and palpitations Signs: Pansystolic murmur on apex TRICUSPID REGURGITATION Murmur: Pansystolic murmur loudest at sternal edge Symptoms: Edema, breathlessness, pulsatile hepatomegaly, ascites AORTIC REGURGITATION Murmur: Early diastolic murmur, Mid-diastolic murmur Symptoms: dyspnea, palpitations Signs: Wide pulse pressure, Corrigan's sign positive (prominent neck pulsation), De Musset's sign (bobbing of head with pulse), Water hammer pulse, prominent capillary pulsations (Quincke's sign- pulsation in nail bed), displaced apex beat PULMONARY REGURGITATION Murmur: Early diastolic murmur heard at the edge of sternum TRICUSPID STENOSIS Murmur: Early diastolic murmur heard at sternal edge during inspiration MITRAL STENOSIS Murmur: Mid-diastolic murmur Symptoms: Breathlessness, palpitations, fatigue Signs: Malar flush on cheeks, left parasternal heave, tapping apex beat, atrial fibrillation