Normal & abnormal constitutents of urine:

🔶 Normal Constituents of Urine: ⁦🟥Color: yellow to amber ⁩⁦🟥⁩⁦Appearance: clear 🟥⁩⁦Reaction: between (4.6-8.0) pH, with an average of (6.0). 🟥⁩⁦Specific gravity (sp. gr.): between (1.003-1.030) 🟥⁩⁦Odor: faintly aromatic. 🟥Quantity: around (1000–1500) mL per day. ⁩⁦🟥Protein: (-) negative ⁩⁦🟥⁩⁦Glucose: (-) negative 🟥⁩⁦Ketones: (-) negative 🟥⁩Bilirubin: (-) negative 🟥Blood: (-) negative 🟥Nitrites: (-) negative 🟥Urobilinogen: (0.1–1.0) 🔶 Abnormal Constituents of Urine: ⁦🟥Color: 🔸Red or reddish-presence of hemoglobin 🔸Greenish-brown or black which caused by bile pigments. ⁩⁦🟥⁩⁦Appearance: 🔸Milky—fat globules, pus, bacteria 🔸Smoky—blood cells 🔸Hazy—refrigeration 🟥⁩⁦Reaction: 🔸High acidity—diabetic acidosis, fever, dehydration 🔸Alkaline—urinary tract infection, renal failure 🟥⁩⁦Specific gravity (sp. gr.): 🔸Low (1.001–1.002)—diabetes insipidus 🔸High (over 1.030)—diabetes mellitus, hepatic disease, congestive heart failure 🟥⁩⁦Odor: 🔸Aromatic Fruity sweet—acetone, associated with diabetes mellitus 🔸Unpleasant—decomposition of drugs, foods, alcohol 🟥Quantity: 🔸High—diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, nervousness, diuretics, excessive intake 🔸Low—acute nephritis, heart disease, diarrhea, vomiting 🔸None—uremia, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) ⁩⁦🟥Protein: 🔸(+)Positive (proteinuria)—renal disease, pyelonephritis ⁩⁦🟥⁩⁦Glucose: 🔸(+)Positive (glycosuria)—diabetes mellitus 🟥⁩⁦Ketones: 🔸(+)Positive (ketonuria)—uncontrolled diabetes mellitus; high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet; starvation 🟥⁩Bilirubin: 🔸(+)Positive (biliuria)—liver disease, biliary obstruction, congestive heart failure 🟥Blood: 🔸(+)Positive (hematuria)—renal disease, trauma 🟥Nitrites: 🔸(+)Positive (nitrituria)—bacteriuria 🟥Urobilinogen: 🔸Absent—biliary obstruction 🔸Reduced—antibiotic therapy 🔸Increased—early warning of hepatic or hemolytic disease --------------------------------------- Reference: Jane Rice, (2018). Medical terminology for health care professionals. 9th ed. New Jersey : Pearson Education.