MEDizzy - All of the following have been identified as a predisposing

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Infections and diseases 2

All of the following have been identified as a predisposing factor or condition associated with the development of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis EXCEPT:

ExplanationReviews of cases reveal consistent conditions and risk factors associated with hematogenous dissemination of Candida. Many refer to the fact that innate immunity is the most important defense mechanism against hematogenous dissemination of the fungus and that neutrophils are the most important component of this defense. Many immunocompetent people have antibodies to Candida spp.; the role of these antibodies in the defense against hematogenous spread is not clear. Therefore, patients the conditions and risk factors listed in the question plus indwelling urinary catheters, parenteral gluco - corticoids, neutropenia, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and immunosuppressive agents for organ transplantation all confer risk of disseminated candidiasis. Additionally, low birth weight infants, HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts, and patients with diabetes are at great risk of local infection with Candida that may disseminate when other predisposing factors are present (e.g., catheters). Women receiving antibiotics are at risk of developing vagi - nal candidiasis. Patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis are at risk of infection with unusual organisms such as Nocardia, atypical mycobacteria, Aspergillus, and pneumocystis but are not at increased risk of disseminated candidiasis in the absence of other risk factors.