MEDizzy - A patient is evaluated in the emergency department for

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Introduction to clinical medicine

A patient is evaluated in the emergency department for peripheral cyanosis. All of the following are potential etiologies EXCEPT:

ExplanationIn the evaluation of cyanosis, the first step is to differenti - ate central from peripheral cyanosis. In central cyanosis, because the etiology is either reduced oxygen saturation or abnormal hemoglobin, the physical findings include blu - ish discoloration of both mucous membranes and skin. In contrast, peripheral cyanosis is associated with normal oxygen saturation but slowing of blood flow and an increased fraction of oxygen extraction from blood; subsequently, the physical findings are present only in the skin and extremities. Mucous membranes are spared. Peripheral cyanosis is commonly caused by cold exposure with vasoconstriction in the digits. Similar physi - ology is found in Raynaud’s phenomenon. Peripheral vascular disease and deep venous thrombosis result in slowed blood flow and increased oxygen extraction with subsequent cyanosis. Methemoglobinemia causes abnormal hemoglobin that circulates systemically. Consequently, the cyanosis associated with this disorder is systemic. Other common causes of central cyanosis include severe lung disease with hypoxemia, right-to-left int - racardiac shunting, and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.