Blockade of Na+ reabsorption in the thick ascending loop of Henle

Blockade of vasopressin-induced increase of cAMP in the collecting tubule

Stimulation of the thirst center in the hypothalamus

A 57-year-old man complained to his physician that he was always thirsty and had frequent and profuse micturition. The man, recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder, had been receiving lithium for 3 weeks. Which of the following was most likely the cause of the patient’s symptoms?