In the 16th century, certain agents were used to treat psychiatric illnesses however as researches advanced, a Hungarian neuropsychiatrist, Ladislas J.Meduna, induced seizures with camphor and metrazol, also known as cardizol in 1934. Later on, after the international meeting regarding convulsive therapy and schizophrenia, cardizol convulsive therapy was being used all over the world. Inducing convulsions was only used to help those suffering from schizophrenia, however, over the years it was concluded that it could treat many psychiatric illnesses. In 1938, Ugo Cerletti, an Italian professor of neuropsychiatry along with his assistant Lucio Bini substituted electricity for cardizol in convulsive therapy. They started testing on patients and had positive results. Retrograde amnesia was a side effect of the therapy, however it was considered a positive side effect because the patient did not remember undergoing the therapy. In the 1940s, two modifications were made to decrease confusion and disturbance of memory post therapy; unilateral electrode placement was introduced and brief pulse replaced sinusoidal current. Back then, muscle relaxants were not administered hence patient suffered broken bones and injuries. Eventually, scientists started experimenting with curare and then succinylcholine. Thus, in 1951, modified ECT, which included administration of a muscle relaxant, had started being in practice. The use of ECT, regardless of it being cost effective, declined between 1940 to 1970 because of its significant side effects. This lead to the APA releasing a report emphasizing the significance of informed consent. ECT use eventually declined due to the production of antidepressant, however with modern techniques and technologies, its use has increased. Inducing convulsions was only used to help those suffering from schizophrenia, however, over the years it was concluded that it could treat many psychiatric illnesses.